LIBERTY FACTORY: THE UNTOLD STORY OF HENRY KAISER'S OREGON SHIPYARDS

Churchill famously claimed that the only thing that had really frightened him during the war was the Battle of the Atlantic. Keeping open the lifeline between the US arsenal of democracy' and the UK was essential to preparations for the invasion of Europe and in the final analysis this came down to building merchant ships faster than German U-boats could sink them. Crucial to this achievement was the British-designed Liberty Ship', a simple cargo ship that could be built rapidly, combined with the untapped industrial potential of the USA that could build them in vast numbers. Undoubtedly the most important individual in the rapid expansion of US wartime shipyard capacity was Henry Kaiser, a man with no previous shipbuilding experience but an entrepreneur of vision and drive. This book tells the story of how he established huge new yards using novel mass-production techniques in the most surprising location - Oregon, one of the least industrially developed areas of the US and one without an existing pool of skilled labour to draw on. But it did have space, and large tracts of virgin waterfront were ideal for laying out new shipyards from scratch. The workforce was created by encouraging people from all over the US to move to the area, and to facilitate this the company built its own housing - in fact, a whole new city for 44,000 workers - and provided a level of social care unheard of in present-day America let alone in the 1940s. It was keen to recruit women workers so to encourage mothers to go out to work it also built its own schools and nursery facilities. The result was a well-motivated workforce that turned the Kaiser yards into the most efficient shipbuilders in the country. In total Kaiser's Oregon yards built over 600 Liberties' and the follow-on Victory Ships' - including one built in the record time of 10 days - as well as around 150 tankers, some 50 escort carriers and nearly 100 amphibious warfare ships. Curiously, this truly remarkable achievement, of huge significance to the eventual Allied victory, has been consigned to the footnotes of history, but is fully documented and celebrated for the first time in this book.